In photography, formal elements mean the elements that can demonstrate form. Line: lines are the most fundamental elements of photography. There are mainly 3 types of lines: vertical lines, horizontal lines, and diagonal lines. Each type has a different meaning behind it. Shapes are the second most fundamental element of photography. All of the shapes (squares, rectangles, triangles) can be made into photos, as long as we have the right angle. With shapes and lines as our base, we can now make patterns or repetition, always repeating the same shape or shapes in a pattern. There are also textures that we can take photos of: rough textures like on the roof, or soft, smooth textures like the table. Adjusting the tones is also very important. Actually, tones and focus are not that different. If your tone is blurry, then it is not in focus, which contributes a lot to abstract photography. One photograph can actually show multiple elements. For instance this image below. It shows a diagonal line and a vertical line, it shows shapes in patterns, and this picture is out of focus as well.