When I first came to Beijing in 2014, the air quality was terrible. The days were always foggy, and the skies polluted. Sunny days were considered rare. There were many reasons behind such a polluted environment, one of the main ones being the production of greenhouse gases from passenger vehicles. A typical passenger vehicle produces 4.6 metric tons of carbon dioxide each year (Greenhouse Gas Emissions). In Beijing, with a population of over 20 million people, and many citizens purchasing their first vehicles, the amount of pollution that is produced by these vehicles is only growing. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 unique objectives that were set by the United Nations to achieve a prosperous society, economy, and environment for all. The 13th Sustainable Development Goal is Climate Action, and my topic directly connects with this target. Passenger vehicles make up around 10% of greenhouse gases in China (Pastukhova), and many potential solutions could be implemented in the future such as electric vehicles, walkable cities, and expanding public transportation.
Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles are more convenient and efficient in terms of cost and energy efficiency. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming a popular option for Chinese consumers looking to purchase their first car. One of the main reasons behind this is that many Chinese cities limit when and where a person can drive their vehicle. License plates ending in specific digits are limited to only being able to drive on certain days. The intention is to limit the amount of traffic congestion and curb the number of greenhouse gases that cars produce on the road. “Green License Plates” are designated for hybrid and electric vehicles, and vehicles with these license plates are not affected by the limits of a typical gasoline-powered vehicle. This situation has caused the sale and production of hybrid and electric cars to increase by more than 60% in 2016 (Graeber). Since China is the largest car market globally, the switch to alternative vehicles has positively impacted the environment and reduced the amount of pollution in the atmosphere. Electric cars are also known for their energy efficiency. Batteries in electric vehicles convert about 60% of energy into vehicle movement compared to a conventional petrol-powered car would only convert about 20%. That means that 40% more power is potent for each electric vehicle on the road (Pros and Cons). For most consumers, electric automobiles are more convenient and cost-friendly than their gas-fueled counterparts. EVs require a lot less maintenance as they have more straightforward and less complicated parts. Considering the money saved on gas, owning an electric passenger vehicle would be cheaper than a typical gasoline-powered one. Although all of this makes electric automobiles sound like the perfect option, they have their downsides. The range of these vehicles pales compared to their gasoline-powered counterparts, which could negatively impact a consumer if they plan on taking long road trips with their car or often travel a lot. Another downside to electric vehicles is that they take longer to refuel/charge. Fueling a petrol-powered automobile only takes a few minutes, whereas an electric one can generally take up to a few hours. The type of vehicle to purchase depends on the consumer and their personal needs. However, in general, electric and hybrid vehicles provide a much more positive impact on the environment compared to their gasoline-powered counterparts.
Constructing Walking-Friendly Cities
In many cities, traveling by foot is more convenient compared to driving. Walkable cities promote healthy living and stimulate economic growth, all while being eco-friendly. Walkable cities could be a viable solution when it comes to reducing the number of carbon emissions from passenger vehicles. According to a 2013 report from the Beijing Transportation Research Center, 40% of transportation carbon emissions come from cars while another 40% comes from buses. The remaining amount is made up of Beijing’s taxis, subways, and rail systems. Cars and buses regularly sit in traffic, exacerbating the pollution caused by vehicles. Walkable communities are cities where schools, businesses, and day-to-day essentials are all within walking distance. Walkable communities encourage fewer trips by cars which minimizes air pollution. With fewer vehicles on the road, there is more space to construct buildings, green spaces, and sidewalks for the community. Encouraging walking also improves a person’s individual health, as it reduces the chances of obesity and diabetes. Rather than sitting in a car to go to work, they can walk instead for the same amount of time. However, there is one downside to walkable cities as the disabled and the elderly will have more difficulty during their daily commute. People with anxiety and agoraphobia could also suffer in walkable cities, but more accessibility paths and better city infrastructure could potentially fix these problems. In cities where walking is more convenient, people are more likely to socialize with others and spend more time supporting local businesses, which can help stimulate economic growth. Biking is another great method of transportation that can also thrive in denser and compact cities. Riding a bike can help speed up commute times and reach longer distances compared to walking and is just as sustainable. Beijing and other cities in China have many public bicycles, where scanning a QR code can allow a person to rent a bike for a set amount of time, often for very cheap prices. This is a great solution for citizens who cannot obtain a bicycle due to convenience or economic reasons. Any person who temporarily needs a bike to ride could scan a code and get to their desired location quickly without sacrificing costs or time.
Public Transportation
For longer distance commutes, walking may not be a great option. Good public transportation can help connect a city and allow a person to travel to anywhere they need to be. Public transportation is usually (but not always) funded by the government. It includes buses, ferries, subways, and rail systems. Public transportation has potential traffic safety, air quality, and economic benefits, all of which can improve a person’s life. According to a Harvard study, public transit mattered more than several other social matters such as “crime… test scores… and household income.” The study also notes that short commute times are often linked to getting out of poverty. It connects people to schools, businesses, jobs, and the essential resources in life, all of which can be life-changing. Beijing has recognized the importance of good public transportation and has been expanding it for the past few decades. For the average cost of 10 RMB, a commuter could get anywhere in Beijing. Because of this, the Beijing Subway is now the busiest metro system in the world. This just shows how government involvement and dedication to a project could determine its success. Public transportation is a lot cheaper than owning a car, as the owner of a car would have to worry about insurance, gas prices, maintenance fees, and would need to own one, which is quite difficult in Beijing due to its license plate lottery system. It is much more convenient for someone to just take the subway and walk to places rather than drive. However, the metro system in Beijing does have a problem where more stations are downtown, which makes it harder for a person outside the city to commute via the subway. Public transit’s environmental impact is also quite significant. All the people who are not driving on the roads can take communal buses or trains which is a monumental reduction in carbon emissions.
Final Statements
In conclusion, there are many ways to reform people’s relationship with gasoline-powered vehicles and reduce their reliance on them, and it starts with every ordinary person. Consider driving less, walking more, and supporting public transit. By expanding and promoting these alternative methods of transportation, it is possible to curb the number of carbon emissions that are produced by road vehicles in Beijing and the world.