Formal Elements – Are fundamental visual elements that contribute to the composition of an image. These elements help guide the viewer’s eye to create a visually compelling image.
Line:
Lines are basic visual elements that define shapes and create structures. They could be curved, straight, vertical, horizontal, or diagonal to guide the viewer’s eye through an image to a focal point.

Shape:
Shapes are two dimensional areas and geometric shapes. Such as squares and circles, they can create abstract compositions and structure or form in an image.

Pattern:
Patterns are designs or shapes that are repeated that creates visual interest and rhythm. Examples like leafs in nature and human made textiles.
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Fessenden, M. (2016, May 10). The Science Behind Nature’s Patterns. Smithsonian. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/science-behind-natures-patterns-180959033/
Texture:
Texture is the surface quality of a object, it could add realism and depth to an image. Examples like surface of wood or paint coming off walls.
Photzy. 18 Stunning Examples of Patterns in Photography. Photzy, https://photzy.com/18-stunning-examples-of-patterns-in-photography/. Feb 13 2025.
Tone:
Tone is the lightness and darkness of color, it could create contrast, depth and mood in an image.

Carey, Athena. Fine Art Photography. Visual Wilderness, https://visualwilderness.com/post-processing/using-tonal-contrast-better-bw-photography. Feb 13 2025.
Focus:
Focus refers to the sharpness and blurriness of the photo, which could direct the viewer’s attention towards a important point or areas.

It is almost impossible to only have one element in a photo, for example lines must have some parts dark and some parts light to be visible, a shape requires color and tone to stand out.
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