Formal elements are the fundamental visual components that make up a photograph. They are the building blocks that photographers use to compose and structure their images. There are six main elements: line, shape, pattern, texture, tone, focus.

 

Line: Lines are everywhere. They can be straight, curved, or angular. They can lead to focal points, create depth through perspective, and show speed and motion.

Klein, William. Thick Vertical Lines on Black. 1953. artsy, www.artsy.net/artwork/william-klein-thick-vertical-lines-on-black-paris-1.

 

Shape: Shape refers to a two-dimensional outline of an object. Shape elements are often found in photography in the form of patterns.
Jenna, 2024

 

Pattern: Patterns consist of repeating elements that create rhythm and texture in an image. They can be found in nature, architecture, and everyday objects.
Jenna, 2024

 

Texture: Texture adds a tactile quality to photographs, making them more dynamic and engaging. It can be smooth, rough, soft, or stern.
Jenna, 2024

 

Tone: Tone refers to the lightness or darkness of an image and is crucial for establishing mood and depth. It can help create contrast between elements, guiding the viewer’s eye and enhancing the overall composition.
Exhibition in Madrid. Fundación MAPFRE Recoletos Exhibition Hall

Renger-Patzsch, Albert. Glassware. 1926-1927. fundacionmapfre, www.fundacionmapfre.org/en/art-and-culture/exhibitions/historical/year-2017/renger-patzcsch/.

 

Focus: Focus in photography is adjusting the camera’s lens to achieve maximum sharpness and clarity for a chosen subject.
Jenna, 2024

 

Although isolating a single formal element is possible, most photographs combine multiple elements. It is also sometimes difficult to isolate a formal component; for example, lines can turn into shapes if they are intertwined, and patterns if repeated.