In photography, the phrase “Formal Elements” refers to the visual components that make up the structure of an image. These elements help photographers organize and compose their shots in a way that communicates ideas, emotions, or aesthetics. Just like the elements of art, formal elements in photography guide the viewer’s eye and define how we experience a photograph.

1. Line

Lines can lead the viewer’s eye through an image, create depth, or divide space. Lines can be straight, curved, diagonal, or implied. They help structure a photo and can add energy or calm, depending on how they are used.

Example: A photograph of a road disappearing into the horizon shows how leading lines pull the viewer into the image.
📸 Example: Ansel Adams, “Autumn Tree Against Cathedral Rocks, Yosemite”

2. Shape

Shapes are formed when lines meet. In photography, they help define the subject and create visual interest. Shapes can be geometric (like squares and circles) or organic (like natural curves of a leaf or person).

Example: Silhouette photography often uses strong shape to show outlines of people or objects.
📸 Example: Fan Ho, “Approaching Shadow”

3. Pattern

Patterns are repeated shapes, lines, or colors that create rhythm in an image. Photographers often use pattern to create visual impact, especially when it’s interrupted by something unexpected.

Example: A tiled wall with one tile missing creates a strong pattern with a focal point.
📸 Example: Andreas Gursky, “99 Cent” (1999)

4. Texture

Texture refers to the surface quality of a subject — how it would feel if touched. In photography, texture is visual, created through light and shadow that reveals surface details.

Example: Close-ups of rust, bark, or fabric show rough or smooth texture.
📸 Example: Edward Weston, “Cabbage Leaf” (1931)

5. Tone

Tone is the range of light and dark in an image. It affects mood and depth. High contrast (strong blacks and whites) can feel dramatic, while low contrast (soft grays) can feel calm.

Example: Black and white portraits often use tone to emphasize emotion and depth.
📸 Example:

6. Focus

Focus determines what is sharp and what is blurry in an image. It directs the viewer’s attention. Shallow depth of field isolates a subject, while deep focus keeps everything in detail.

Example: A portrait with the background blurred uses focus to highlight the person.
📸 Example: Steve McCurry, “Afghan Girl” (1984)

Can an Image Show Just One Element at a Time?

While an image can emphasize one formal element more strongly than others, it is rare for a photo to include only one element. Most photographs naturally include several elements at once — for example, a textured wall may also include patterns and tone. However, photographers can use composition, lighting, and focus to make one element stand out as the most dominant. The best images often balance multiple elements, but with one as the visual “anchor” that captures attention.