When I was creating the ballista, I ran into some problems that took up more time than I hoped. For the head of the ballista, the nails I had put to hold the entire thing in place kept cracking the wood, so I made multiple heads with different screws and nails. The best one to use was the small silver-colored nails, and that was the one I ended up using in my final design. I also messed up the energy-storing part of the ballista. I tried using a string at first, to best mimic the photo, but then I did some tests and it kept failing to keep enough power inside. I used every type of string available to me, but they all failed. Then I thought of using the rubber band. Even though the rubber band does not look like the ballista in the photo, it works better than any type of string. I stuck with the rubber band, but I had no time to put the rubber band in place before I had to submit the project.

In order for me to successfully replicate the ballista from the photo, I wanted to make a smaller model of the ballista. I first planned my time accordingly across the few classes I have, for the first class, I was planning on making the shaft of the ballista, which I finished in time.  For the next class, I wanted to make the capitulo, frame or head, of the ballista. After that, I will make the arms and the launching mechanism of the ballista. The fourth class was time to do the rubber band that will store the energy of the ballista. The fifth class was for the winch lever of the model, and the last class is for the stand.

My success criteria are:

1. The ballista needs to be functional
2. The shooting mechanism should be the exact same as the reference picture
3. The ballista is small enough to be easily moved around in the room.

I am planning to make a ballista for historians to analyze and see how the physical thing actually works to learn more about the Romans and their siege machines, and why the Romans are one of the most successful colonies of the era. Their technology and intelligence are out of this world. Scientists and historians would love to get their hands on one of these ballistae. I am making the ballista from a reference photo:

This is going to be my success criteria for the next few weeks. I am going to make this entirely out of wood, trying to replicate this photo.

Hello 😀

We all know what plastics are and how they are made, but we rarely think about where all that goes. It’s just there and it’s gone, unfortunately plastic is never really gone. They find miraculous ways to get into the ocean, and is deadly to all kinds of creatures, including us. This is based on the United Nations Sustainable Development goals, also known as STGs, number 14.

Surprisingly only few people have realised that plastic can take up to 1000 years to break down, and most plastics have ended up in oceans. “Around 8 million tons of plastic waste ends up in the oceans per day.” (youtube) People have been wondering how plastic can end up in the ocean. Plastic has two ways of entering the ocean. One, littering, throwing plastic waste on the ground to be washed away by the rain and into rivers that will take it to the ocean.Two, throwing plastic down into the sewers. Most sewers end up in a river or a pond, and the river takes the plastic into the ocean. 90% of ocean plastic comes from just ten rivers in Africa and Asia. The ocean is “Home to five notable trash vortexes, collection of small pieces of plastic. According to experts, it is growing ‘exponentially.’”(Baral) These trash vortexes can be the last thing some marine creatures see.

A seagull went diving for fish, but got a mouth full of plastic instead.

When plastics are broken down more, they become micro plastics. Micro plastics are  indigestible and goes up the food chain. The plankton on the surface of the water consumes the micro plastics, then krill eat the plankton and gets micro plastics into the krill’s body, and so on. “Micro plastics have been found in more than 100 aquatic species” (Parker). These plastics that are in the ocean is deadly to marine animals of all kinds, one with eight arms, or with a transparent skull. When plastics enter the ocean, some bigger pieces of plastic get mistaken for prey and marine creatures will eat them. One example is plastic bags and sea turtles, the sea turtles’ favourite prey is jelly fish, but a floating plastic bag looks exactly like a jelly fish. A sea turtle might mistaken it for prey and eat it. Then the sea turtle will have a false sense of a full stomach, but actually it is stuffed to the brim of plastic.So it will starve to death, with a full stomach. The surprising thing is “High income countries generate more plastic waste per person, but most of the plastic that ends up in the ocean comes from rivers in low-to-middle income countries.” (Ritch) This is because Low-to-middle can not afford to use things other than plastic, plastic costs less, and is durable.They also don’t have the money to recycle the plastics.

We have tried different ways of stopping plastic to get into the oceans. One is by stopping the trash to enter the ocean from the mouths of rivers.This is a fairly simple way of stopping plastic of entering the marine ecosystem, but the plastics already in the ocean is harder to clean. We are sending boats with nets on them to clean up the trash vortexes. At first thought, it might seem to be a good idea but the boats are taking a big risk of sinking and if they do, that will add to the amount of plastic waste in the ocean. According to Alicon “‘What the scientists found came as a complete surprise. ‘Most of the plastic is lost,’ says Andres Cozar” We have been losing plastic in the ocean for quite some time now, and if we can not find them, the plastics will stay in the marine environment for quite some time.

Plastic has not only found its way into the bodies of animals, but it has also entered human body systems. Micro plastics will linger in ones’ bloodstreams until they decompose. Plastic pollution has now became such a big problem that only if every single country comes together and try to stop plastic pollution, they will succeed. Even a small action from a small community can make a difference.

In this unit, I have put a lot of effort into learning about the Mexican Revolution and making this sway. The revolution is made up of great leaders with great mustaches trying to take Mexico for themselves.

The Mexican Revolution

What a wonderful time to be alive,

Go to this Sway

Welcome to my notebook, these are some pages of it. My book that I did these pages on is “Trapped”. Trapped is about a collapse in the San Jose mine where 34 miners got trapped in the mine 2000 feet below the ground. They have a limited supply of food and oily water from machines. These people has stayed under the ground for a grand total of 69 days.

This one is titled “Digging Deeper” not because of the people trying to dig the miners out of the ground, it because you need to dig deeper into the text of the book to find things the author has hidden in the text. This will reveal the things the author is trying to tell you underneath the text.

This page is all about absolute language, this page is extremely important for every book or paragraph you read in your life. This page only talks about the absolute language of the book. Absolute language is the language you use of you are in an argument, for example: You have to do your homework because you will defiantly use them when you grow up.

This page I did on cause and effect of the book. The first one is one cause and two effects, I concluded this with my notes and some bits of rereading to get the facts clear. In the end I have fully made this cause and effect. On the bottom of the cause-and-effect page is my possible themes of the book, we came up with a lot but they are too simple, so we wrote the complicated themes onto the page.

My book is Gospel according to Larry,  this book is about a boy that wants to change the world, but he doesn’t want this popularity so he did all of this as another person, he called him Larry. He has made a big impact on the world, but then he got exposed and obtained the popularity he doesn’t want.